This article examines how perceptions of race have influenced the effectiveness of response to intervention (RTI) in addressing achievement disparities, past and present.
Willis, Arlette Ingram. (2019). “Race, Response to Intervention, and Reading Research.” Journal of Literacy Research 51 (4): 394–419.
The resource highlights how racial segregation in schools is still a relevant and consequential issue in America. The resource provides practitioners with a critical lens as they think about the demographic trends in the districts they work in.
Orfield, G., and Lee, C. “Racial Transformation and the Changing Nature of Segregation.” Civil Rights Project at Harvard University. Cambridge, MA., 2006.
Despite the endemic nature of anti-blackness in society, educators have a duty to work toward disrupting anti-blackness in schools. Three strategies have been identified for educational practitioners to carve out possibilities for Black students to thrive in spite of anti-blackness. 1. Radical care through caseloads, 2. Professional development centering Black students' experiences, and 3. Black third spaces.
Williams, K., Mcadoo, G., & Howard, T.C. "Schools Must Do More to Support Black Students." Edsource, (2022).
This brief two-page document outlines the fundamental aspects of significant disproportionality for State and Local Educational Agencies. According to IDEA Section 618, states are required to collect and examine data to identify significant disproportionality among the seven federally identified race and ethnicity categories in:
Identification of children as having disabilities.
Placement in less inclusive educational settings.
Incidence, duration, and type of disciplinary actions, including suspensions and expulsions.
States use 98 separate calculations for each Local Education Agency (LEA) to determine the presence of significant disproportionality. These calculations must follow a standard methodology and analyze disparities based on race/ethnicity in identification, placement, and discipline.
Citation: The Data Center for Addressing Significant Disproportionality. 2023. “Significant Disproportionality: For SEAs and LEAs.” https://dcasd.org/resources/SigDisproIntro-SEA.pdf (accessed, June 14, 2024).
How to prepare/have courageous conversations with African American children to live in a world that sees their Blackness as a threat and/or less than other human beings.
O'Brien, N., & Tabb, L. "The Black Families' Guide for Talking about Racism." (2020).
The authors present a comprehnsive analytic framework for examining school discipline patterns in New York City Schools. The authors used school level metrics and ascertained that Black students received the most suspensions and received suspensions at a different rate for the same infractions as their peers.
Rodriguez, L. A., & Welsh, R. O. (2022). The Dimensions of School Discipline: Toward a Comprehensive Framework for Measuring Discipline Patterns and Outcomes in Schools. AERA Open, 8(1).
Considers the degree to which poverty contributes to disproportionality in special education.
Russell J. Skiba et al. (2005) The Journal of Special Education.
Teachers—especially White teachers—rarely have opportunities to learn how to teach for racial equity. This study explored a teacher professional development model organized around EQUIP (https://www.equip.ninja/), a research-based classroom observation tool that generates quantitative data on equity patterns in students’ classroom participation.
Shah, N. Ph.D., Reinholz, D., and Harris, A. (2023) Using Equity Data from Classrooms to Support Teacher Learning for Racial Equity. California MTSS Research Consortium, UCLA Center for the Tran
Based in activist tradition, Love persuades educators to teach students about racial violence, oppression, and their ability to change society for the better.
Love, Bettina L. 2019. We Want to Do More Than Survive: Abolitionist Teaching and the Pursuit of Educational Freedom. Boston: Beacon Press.
Moving from disorientation and denial into awakening and active participation, Hill uses this text (in the context of Christian beliefs and behaviors) to tell a story that allows white people to be part of the equity solution.
Hill, Daniel. 2017. White Awake: An Honest Look at What it Means to be White. Downers Green, IL: InterVarsity Press.
