This study examines racial gaps in exclusionary discipline for students of different races who are involved in the same disciplinary incident for the same type of infraction.
Shi, Y. & Zhu, M. (2021). Equal time for equal crime? Racial bias in school discipline (EdWorking Paper 21-383). Annenberg Institute at Brown University.
The data in this report prepared by the Los Angeles Unified School District provides evidence that 100% of the secondary students in LAUSD minimally accessed Schoology, the district's primary online course management system at least once during the first nine weeks of school closure. Data is provided that there were disparities in activities. Compared to more advantaged students, fewer middle and high school students who are Black, Hispanic, living in low-income households, classified as English Learners, have a disability, are in the District's homeless program or are in foster care participated across all measures of online activity. Report states that low participation may show lost learning, which could take students years to recoup.
Besecker, M., Thomas, Ph. D., A. 2020. Student Engagement Online During School Facilities Closures: An Analysis of L.A. Unified Secondary Students' Schoology Activity from March 16 to May 22, 2020. Los Angeles, California: Independent Analysis Unit, Los Angeles Unified School District
http://laschoolboard.org/sites/default/files/IAU%20Report%202020%200707%20-%20Student%20Engagement%20Online%20During%20Closures.pdf
