Address
The Root of Discipline Disparities (ARTICLE)

In this article, Ford brings forward a frequently identified root cause of inequity in society and in school discipline, implicit bias. He acknowledges that all people, including educators, are raised in context of social situations and conditioning. Ford refers to methods for raising the issue of implicit bias with teachers, guiding them to introspection and leading them toward individual and systematic change.

Citation/Source

Ford, James E. 2016. “The Root of Discipline Disparities.” Educational Leadership.   3:42-46.

Publication Date
2016
Address
(The) Voice: Highlights from 2018 (RECORDING)

In this video educational leaders discuss the challenges presented by and impacts experienced from implicit bias in schools.

Citation/Source

The Voice: Highlights from 2018 (The Voice). 2018. Vialogue. EdLab Teachers College: Columbia University.

Publication Date
2018


The editorial delves into the Comprehensive Coordinated Early Intervening Services (CCEIS), mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) to address disparities in the treatment of students of color within local educational agencies (LEAs). When LEAs disproportionately identify students of color in certain categories or discipline them, they are labeled "disproportionate" or "significantly disproportionate."  


The California Department of Education (CDE) State Performance Plan Technical Assistance Project (SPP-TAP) supports LEAs in CCEIS work by guiding them through data analysis, root cause identification, improvement planning, and implementation monitoring. Despite initial overwhelm, educators appreciate the structured approach provided by SPP-TAP TA Facilitators. 


The editorial provides examples of successful strategies in districts like Evergreen Elementary Alameda Unified, and Pittsburg Unified such as engaging families through community liaisons and personalized learning plans for "focal scholars." It discusses efforts to address racism, cultural disconnect, and implicit bias through staff training and community outreach. There’s also a focus on empathy and inclusion, alongside efforts to dissolve traditional disciplinary methods and address cultural biases, exemplifies a commitment to equity. 

Citation/Source

Citation: California Department of Education. 2024 Addressing Disproportionality: Hard Work and Heart Work 2024, www.sipinclusion.org/2024/03/11/the-special-edge-newsletter-winter-2023/. Accessed 14 May 2024.

Publication Date
2024
Address
Empathy Intervention to Reduce Implicit Bias in Preservice Teachers (Article)

This study investigates the ability of a brief empathy-inducing intervention to improve the implicit bias of pre-service teachers, as measured by an Implicit Association Test. The authors found empathy intervention statistically significant at decreasing the implicit bias of White female pre-service teachers toward Black individuals.

Citation/Source

Whitford, D. K., & Emerson, A. M. (2019). Empathy intervention to reduce implicit bias in preservice teachers. Psychological Reports, 122(2), 670–688.

Publication Date
2019
Address
Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Education: Psychology’s Role in Understanding and Reducing Disparities (ARTICLE)

This article’s authors described racial and ethnic inequity in educational systems from the vantage point of psychological theory. Practitioners may be interested in this work because it links disparities in education to disparities in society overall. Additionally, the suggested interventions are provided based on established psychological concepts.

Citation/Source

Quintana, Stephen M., Mahgoub, L. 2016. “Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Education: Psychology's Role in Understanding and Reducing Disparities.” Theory into Practice. 55 (2): 94-103.

Publication Date
2016
Address
School Board Policy - Disproportionality Policy/BP0411 (DOCUMENT)

This Board policy ensures equal access to educational opportunity for all students by minimizing or elimination the impacts of disparities in ability, levels of preparation, available resources and social-cultural differences in achievement and performance. Also, it describes how to prevent disproportionality associated between a child's race or ethnicity and the number and type of special education classifications and placements that result. 

Citation/Source

Mount Diablo Unified School District. 2011. School Board policy - Disproportionality Policy/BP0411. Concord, California: Mount Diablo Unified School District (DOCUMENT)

Publication Date
2011
Address
School-to-Prison Pipeline: Report, Recommendations and Preliminary Report (PDF)

This report on the school-to-prison pipeline examines root causes of school and societal failure for certain groups and offers resolutions and strategies for addressing inequities.

Citation/Source

ABA Joint Task Force on Reversing the School to Prison Pipeline. 2018. School-to-Prison Pipeline: Report, Recommendations and Preliminary Report. https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/images/racial_ethnic_justice/Final%20School2PrisonPipeline-2nd-012618.pdf

Publication Date
2018
Address
This report on the school-to-prison pipeline examines root causes of school and societal failure for certain groups and offers resolutions and strategies for addressing inequities.

This report on the school-to-prison pipeline examines root causes of school and societal failure for certain groups and offers resolutions and strategies for addressing inequities.

Citation/Source

ABA Joint Task Force on Reversing the School to Prison Pipeline. 2018. School-to-Prison Pipeline: Report, Recommendations and
Preliminary Report. https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/images/racial_ethnic_justice/Final%20School2PrisonPipeline-2nd-012618.pdf

Publication Date
2018
Address
(The) Science of Equality, Volume 1: Addressing Implicit Bias, Racial Anxiety, and Stereotype Threat in Education and Health Care (External Resource)

Perception Institute partnered with the Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society at UC Berkeley and the Center for Policing Equity at UCLA to generate this report, which provides an in-depth look at the role of implicit bias, racial anxiety, and stereotype threat in producing disparities in education and healthcare.

Citation/Source

Godsil, Rachel D., Tropp, Linda R., Goff, Phillip Atiba, and Powell, John A. 2014. "The Science of Equality, Volume 1: Addressing Implicit Bias, Racial Anxiety, and Stereotype Threat in Education and Health Care." Perception Institute

Publication Date
2014
Address
The Disproportionality of Latinx Students in Special Education: The Growing Need to Build Relationships (ARTICLE)

This article discusses the overrepresentation of Latinx students in special education. It discusses the root causes of significant disproportionality for Latinx students, pre-referral process and data collection, deficit oriented perspectives and building relationships with student and families.

Citation/Source

Lueimo, P., Bindreiff, D. 2021. The disproportionality of Latinx students in Special Education: The growing need to build relationships. Leadership Magazine. Sacramento, California: Association of California School Administrators (ACSA) https://leadership.acsa.org/jan-feb-2021

Publication Date
2021

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Equity in IDEA

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Funding Information

California Department of Education, Special Education Division's special project, State Performance Plan Technical Assistance Project (SPP-TAP) is funded through a contract with the Napa County Office of Education. SPP-TAP is funded from federal funds, (State Grants #H027A080116) provided from the U.S. Department of Education Part B of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the position of the U.S. Department of Education.